North Sudanese Culture

The primary author of this profile was Nina Evason, originally published in 2018.

• Abusharaf, R. M. (2002). Wanderings: Sudanese Migrants and Exiles in North America. Cornell University Press.
• Adam, A. H. (2018, April 3). Displaced in Darfur. Sudan Tribune. https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/displaced-darfur
• Al Jazeera. (2013, November 14). UN: 460,000 displaced in Darfur this year. Al Jazeera Media Network. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2013/11/14/un-460000-displaced-in-darfur-this-year
• Al Jazeera. (2023, February 26). 20 years since war began in Sudan’s Darfur, suffering continues. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/2/26/20-years-since-war-began-in-sudans-darfur-suffering-continues
• An-Na’im, A. A. (2015). Islamic Family Law: Sudan, Republic of the. Emory University School of Law. https://scholarblogs.emory.edu/islamic-family-law/home/research/legal-profiles/sudan-republic-of-the/
• anothertravel.com. (2017). Sudanese Culture, Customs, and Etiquette. https://www.anothertravel.com/africa/sudan/culture/
• Austin, J. (2014, July 22). 10 Tips On Business Etiquette In Sudan. The Moguldom Nation. https://moguldom.com/65018/10-tips-business-etiquette-in-sudan/
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021a). 4-digit level ANCP Ancestry Multi Response by Australia (UR) (2021 Census of Population and Housing) [Data set]. ABS Census TableBuilder.
• Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2021b). People in Australia who were born in Sudan [Data set]. 2021 Census Country of Birth QuickStats. https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/4105_AUS
• Bernal, V. (1999). Migration, Modernity and Islam in Rural Sudan. Middle East Report, 211(Summer). https://merip.org/1999/06/migration-modernity-and-islam-in-rural-sudan/
• Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. (2023). 2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Sudan [Report]. United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/sudan/
• Carney, T., & Butler, V. (2005). Sudan: The Land and the People (1st ed.). University of Washington Press. https://archive.org/details/sudanlandpeople0000free
• Central Intelligence Agency. (2024). Sudan. In The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/sudan/
• Cultural Advisory Unit. (2012). Sudan—Quick Reference Guide [Information sheet]. Queensland Police Service.
• De Waal, A. (2007, March 22). Darfur—The crisis explained. Prospect Magazine. https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/essays/57705/darfurthe-crisis-explained
• Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. (2016). DFAT Country Information Report: Sudan [Archived Report]. Australian Government.
• Department of Home Affairs. (2024). Sudan-born Community Information Summary (Census of Population and Housing 2021, Country Data Summary). Commonwealth of Australia. https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/mca/files/2021-cis-sudan.PDF
• Department of Immigration and Citizenship. (2007). Sudanese Community Profile [Information Booklet]. Commonwealth of Australia. https://www.mcww.org.au/s/community-profile-sudan.pdf
• El Tayib, A. (2017). Changing Customs of Sudan (2nd ed.). New Life Printing Press.
• Elamin, Y., & Zaroug, R. (2024). Humanitarian Crisis in Sudan [Foreign Press Centers Briefing]. United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/briefings-foreign-press-centers/humanitarian-crisis-in-sudan/
• Equality Now. (2021, November 2). Sudan – The Muslim Personal Law Act Of Sudan, 1991. Discriminatory Laws. https://equalitynow.org/discriminatory_law/sudan_the_muslim_personal_law_act_of_sudan_1991/
• Essien, K., & Falola, T. (2008). Culture and Customs of Sudan (1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing.
• Fábos, A. (2008). “Brothers” or Others?: Propriety and Gender for Muslim Arab Sudanese in Egypt (Vol. 22). Berghahn Books. https://doi.org/10.3167/9781845450182
• Girls Not Brides. (2020). Sudan. In Child Marriage Atlas. https://www.girlsnotbrides.org/learning-resources/child-marriage-atlas/regions-and-countries/sudan/
• Global State of Democracy Initiative. (2023). The state of democracy in Africa (The Global State of Democracy 2023: The New Checks and Balances, pp. 41–53). International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. https://www.idea.int/gsod/2023/chapters/africa/
• Hale, S. (1996). Gender Politics In Sudan: Islamism, Socialism, And The State (1st ed.). Westview Press.
• Higginbottom, G. M. A., Safipour, J., Mumtaz, Z., Chiu, Y., Paton, P., & Pillay, J. (2013). “I have to do what I believe”: Sudanese women’s beliefs and resistance to hegemonic practices at home and during experiences of maternity care in Canada. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 13(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2393-13-51
• Human Rights Watch. (2008, April 25). Q & A: Crisis in Darfur. https://www.hrw.org/news/2008/04/25/q-crisis-darfur
• Human Rights Watch. (2023). Sudan: Events of 2023 (World Report 2024). Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/sudan
• Ibbotson, S., & Lovell-Hoare, M. (2012). Bradt Travel Guide: Sudan (3rd ed.). Bradt Travel Guides.
• International Criminal Court. (2021). The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir (Case Information Sheet ICC-02/05-01/09). https://www.icc-cpi.int/sites/default/files/CaseInformationSheets/AlBashirEng.pdf
• Jefferson, A. (2017). Sudan Political Environment History: The Faith of Democracy in Sudan. Dany Beck Paper Shop.
• Jupp, J. (2001). Sudanese. In J. Jupp (Ed.), The Australian People: An Encyclopedia of the Nation, Its People and Their Origins. Cambridge University Press.
• Lejukole, J., Rainbird, S., Blewett, V., Every, D., & Clarkson, L. (2012). Pathways to Employment for South and North Sudanese Communities Resettled in South Australia [Project Report]. Appleton Institute, Central Queensland University. https://www.aph.gov.au/DocumentStore.ashx?id=c5825777-822f-4f25-9967-448709a101d1
• Markus, A. B. (2016). Australians Today: The Australia@2015 Scanlon Foundation Survey [Research report]. Monash University. https://www.monash.edu/mapping-population/public-opinion/surveys/australians-today
• Mayersen, D., & Galloway, T. (2012). Responding to Genocide: Australian Parliamentary Discussions about the Crisis in Darfur. The Australasian Review of African Studies Journal, 33, 1–8. https://ro.uow.edu.au/lhapapers/550
• McCullough, M. (2010). Darfur Australia Network: Review into Australia’s Relationship with the Countries of Africa (Parliamentary Inquiry Submission No. 48; Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade). House of Representatives, Parliament of Australia. https://www.aph.gov.au/parliamentary_business/committees/house_of_representatives_committees?url=jfadt/africa%2009/subs/sub%2048.pdf
• Milner, K., & Khawaja, N. G. (2010). Sudanese Refugees in Australia: The Impact of Acculturation Stress. Journal of Pacific Rim Psychology, 4(1), 19–29. https://doi.org/10.1375/prp.4.1.19
• Minority Rights Group. (2019, June). Sudan. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. https://minorityrights.org/country/sudan/
• Multicultural Health Policy Unit. (2015). ACT Health Community Profile: Sudan. ACT State Government. https://www.health.act.gov.au/sites/default/files/2018-10/ACTH%20Community%20Profile_Sudan.pdf
• Mwaniki, A. (2019, July 18). Ethnic Groups Of Sudan. World Atlas. https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-ethnic-groups-in-sudan.html
• Nureddeen, F. A. (2008). Cross cultural pragmatics: Apology strategies in Sudanese Arabic. Journal of Pragmatics, 40(2), 279–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2007.11.001
• Office of International Religious Freedom. (2023). 2023 Report on International Religious Freedom: Sudan [Report]. United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-report-on-international-religious-freedom/sudan/
• Oppong, J. R. (2010). Sudan (C. F. Gritzner, Ed.). Chelsea House, Infobase Publishing. https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/sudan-joseph-r-oppong
• Osman, M. (2024, January 31). Sudan Conflict Fuels World’s Largest Internal Displacement. Human Rights Watch. https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/01/31/sudan-conflict-fuels-worlds-largest-internal-displacement
• Pew Research Center. (2017). The Changing Global Religious Landscape [Report]. Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/
• Pew Research Center. (2022). Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 (Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project) [Data set]. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/feature/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/
• ProQuest. (2017). Republic of Sudan. ProQuest & Brigham Young University. https://proquest.libguides.com/culturegrams
• Ryle, J., Willis, J., Baldo, S., & Jok, J. M. (Eds.). (2011). The Sudan Handbook. Rift Valley Institute. https://riftvalley.net/publication/sudan-handbook/
• Sharkey, H. J. (2008). Arab Identity and Ideology in Sudan: The Politics of Language, Ethnicity, and Race. African Affairs, 107(426), 21–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm068
• Sneesby, L., Satchell, R., Good, P., & van der Riet, P. (2011). Death and dying in Australia: Perceptions of a Sudanese community. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67(12), 2696–2702. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2011.05775.x
• Spaulding, J. L., Collins, R. O., Al-Shahi, A. S., Sikainga, A. A., Sabr, M. el D., & The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2024, July 31). Sudan. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Sudan
• Stencel, S., & Grim, B. J. (2013, September 18). Headscarf incident in Sudan highlights a global trend. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2013/09/18/headscarf-incident-in-sudan-highlights-a-global-trend/
• Team, V., Vasey, K., & Manderson, L. (2009). Cultural Dimensions of Pregnancy, Birth and Post-Natal Care (Multicultural Clinical Support Resources). Division of the Chief Health Officer, Queensland Health. https://research.monash.edu/en/publications/cultural-dimensions-of-pregnancy-birth-and-post-natal-care
• Tibber, P. (2013, February 28). Doing Business in Sudan. https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/petertibber/2013/02/28/doing-business-in-sudan/
• Towriss, D. (2023). Case study: Sudan. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. https://doi.org/10.31752/idea.2023.64
• Transparency International. (2024). Corruption Perceptions Index 2023. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2023
• Tubiana, J. (2023, June 30). Between two wars: 20 years of conflict in Sudan’s Darfur. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/features/longform/2023/6/30/between-two-wars-20-years-of-conflict-in-sudans-darfur
• UN OCHA. (2023). Sudan: Revised 2023 Humanitarian Response Plan (Revision Issued 17 May 2023). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. https://reports.unocha.org/en/country/sudan/card/366KioSk83/
• UN OHCHR & UNAMID. (2017). The Human Rights Situation of Internally Displaced Persons in Darfur 2014-2016 [Report]. United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights & African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operations in Darfur. https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/human-rights-situation-internally-displaced-persons-darfur-2014-2016
• UNDP, United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women), UNFPA, & United Nations Economic and Social Commission for West Asia (ESCWA). (2018). Sudan: Gender Justice & The Law. United Nations Development Programme. https://sudan.unfpa.org/en/publications/gender-justice-law-sudan-0
• UNHCR. (2018). UNHCR’s Position on the International Protection Needs of Individuals from Darfur. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unhcr.org/il/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/09/UNHCRs-Position-on-the-International-Protection-Needs-of-Individuals-from-Darfur-June-2018-final.pdf
• UNHCR. (2024, July 29). Sudan Situation: Regional Displacement Update. Operational Data Portal. https://data.unhcr.org/en/documents/details/110229
• UNICEF Middle East and North Africa Regional Office & IRCW. (2017). Child Marriage in the Middle East and North Africa – Sudan Country Brief (UNICEF Regional Study on Child Marriage) [Report]. UNICEF & International Center for Research on Women.
• United Kingdom Government. (2006). A Guide to Names and Naming Practices. https://www.fbiic.gov/public/2008/nov/Naming_practice_guide_UK_2006.pdf
• United Nations Development Programme. (2024a). Human Development Indicators: Sudan (Human Development Reports) [Country Summary]. https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/specific-country-data#/countries/SDN
• United Nations Development Programme. (2024b). UNDP Sudan. https://www.undp.org/sudan
• United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. (2004, August 3). Sudan: Stepping into the world’s worst humanitarian crisis. UNHCR. https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-stepping-worlds-worst-humanitarian-crisis
• World Food Programme. (2023). Sudan. https://www.wfp.org/countries/sudan